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Polycystic Ovarian Disorder (PCOD) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are common hormonal conditions that affect the ovaries, causing irregular menstrual cycles, multiple small cysts, and fertility challenges.
Ultrasound scan (USG) is one of the most effective tools for diagnosing and managing PCOD/PCOS, as it provides a clear image of the ovaries, follicles, and endometrial lining.
A Pelvic Ultrasound, either through Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS) or Abdominal Ultrasound, helps doctors assess ovarian volume, follicle count, and the presence of polycystic features.
Preparing for an Ultrasound for PCOD/PCOS Diagnosis
Proper preparation ensures accurate imaging and a smooth scanning experience.
- For an Abdominal Ultrasound, a full bladder is required to help improve the visibility of pelvic organs. Drink 3–4 glasses of water an hour before the scan and do not urinate until after the procedure.
- For a Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS), an empty bladder is preferred since the probe is inserted inside the vagina, providing a clearer image of the ovaries.
- Wear comfortable clothing to make the process easier.
- Avoid applying lotions, powders, or oils on the lower abdomen before the scan, as they may interfere with the ultrasound probe.
- Inform your radiologist if you are on your period, pregnant, or have any pelvic infections before undergoing a transvaginal ultrasound.
Following these simple steps helps ensure that the scan provides accurate and clear results for diagnosing PCOD/PCOS.
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What Happens During a Pelvic Ultrasound for PCOD/PCOS?
The procedure is quick, non-invasive, and typically takes 15–30 minutes. The type of scan to be performed depends on the patient's medical history and the doctor’s recommendation.
1. Abdominal Ultrasound
The patient lies on an examination table while a water-based gel is applied to the abdomen. A handheld transducer (probe) is moved over the lower abdomen to capture images of the ovaries and uterus.
The images appear in real-time on a screen, allowing the doctor to assess ovarian volume and follicle distribution.
2. Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS)
The patient lies down with knees bent while a thin, sterile ultrasound probe is gently inserted into the vagina.
The probe sends high-frequency sound waves that create detailed images of the ovaries, follicles, and endometrial lining.
Since the probe is positioned closer to the ovaries, TVS provides higher-resolution images compared to an abdominal scan.
The radiologist may gently adjust the probe or transducer to obtain different views of the ovaries and uterine lining. Once the necessary images are captured, the procedure is completed, and the patient can resume normal activities immediately.
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TVS vs. Abdominal Ultrasound: Which is Better for PCOD/PCOS?
Both TVS and Abdominal Ultrasound can help detect PCOD/PCOS, but TVS is generally preferred due to its superior accuracy.
1. TVS (Transvaginal Ultrasound):
- Provides clearer, high-resolution images of the ovaries and follicles.
- Accurately measures the ovarian volume and follicle count, essential for PCOS diagnosis.
- Detects small ovarian cysts (2–9 mm) more effectively.
- Preferred for early-stage PCOS detection and fertility monitoring.
2. Abdominal Ultrasound:
- Used when TVS is not an option, such as for patients who are uncomfortable with vaginal insertion.
- Provides a broader but less detailed view of the pelvic organs.
- Requires a full bladder, which may cause mild discomfort during the scan.
Since TVS provides more detailed imaging, it is the gold standard for diagnosing PCOS, but abdominal ultrasound can be used when needed.
How Long Does an Ultrasound Scan For PCOD/PCOS Take?
The ultrasound procedure typically lasts 15–30 minutes, depending on the imaging required.
- Abdominal ultrasound takes about 15–20 minutes, with additional time needed for bladder filling.
- TVS scan takes 10–15 minutes, but may take longer if detailed follicular assessments are required.
- If the radiologist needs additional images for diagnosis, the scan duration may slightly vary.
After the scan, the results are sent to a radiologist for interpretation, and a report is provided immediately.
Interpreting the Results: What Does ‘Polycystic’ Really Mean?
A polycystic ovary does not mean there are large cysts present. Instead, it refers to multiple small follicles visible on the ovary, a key feature of PCOS.
- Ovarian volume greater than 10 cm³ is a common indicator of PCOS.
- 12 or more small follicles (2–9 mm in diameter) arranged around the ovary suggest polycystic ovaries.
- Irregular endometrial thickness may indicate hormonal imbalances affecting menstrual cycles.
The Ultrasound Scan findings combined with hormonal blood tests and clinical symptoms work to diagnose the condition accurately.
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